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AMA:40岁以上女性均应接受乳腺癌筛查

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发表于 2012-7-2 23:00:29 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式 来自: 中国江苏南京
AMA:40岁以上女性均应接受乳腺癌筛查
2012-06-24
美国医学会(AMA)在其推荐的最新指南更新中说,40岁以上的妇女均应行乳房X射线摄影筛查乳腺癌,且应购买乳房摄影医疗保险。AMA强调,乳房X射线摄影作为现今普通民众最为信赖的乳腺癌筛查工具,也有其局限性。AMA董事会成员Patrice A. Harris博士说:“早期发现乳腺癌可提高患者生存比例,乳房摄影筛查是发现乳腺癌的重要工具。患者各异,且患癌危险因素的程度不一,故患者应当与其医生进行经常性交流,共同决定乳房摄影筛查是否适合她们”

权威学者及各专家对乳腺癌筛查的建议各不相同

英国国家卫生署(NHS)以全民卫生保健为主要任务,当前,NHS正征求50—70岁之间的女性行乳房摄影检查。NHS提倡,除具有乳腺癌高危危险因素的妇女外,妇女应每三年进行一次常规乳房摄影检查。NHS补充道,他们欢迎40多岁的妇女进行乳腺癌筛查。

发表在BMJ(《British Medical Journal》)杂志上的一项研究显示,英国引介乳腺癌筛查可能弊大于利。发表在《Medical Journal of Australia》杂志上的一项研究发现,乳房摄影的假阳性结果会让妇女不再接受进一步检查,可能会逐渐使乳腺癌筛查项目的有效性大打折扣。哈佛大学公共卫生学院(HSPH)一个研究团队的研究结果显示,有大约15%至25%的乳腺癌筛查者被过度诊断。他们写道:“乳房X摄影也许并不适用于乳腺癌筛查,因为它并不能区别渐进性与非渐进性乳腺癌”。

尽管40-49岁之间的半数乳腺癌患者无乳腺癌家族史,但来自纽约罗切斯特Elizabeth Wende Breast Care, LLC的科学家仍建议那些看起来似乎是乳腺癌低危患者的妇女也应进行常规乳房摄影检查。有专家建议,在对妇女行乳房X摄影年检基础上增加超声检查及磁共振检查,并且说,对于具有乳腺癌高危因素及致密乳腺结缔组织者而言,乳腺癌检出率有所提高。

荷兰研究员发现,即使将改进的治疗方法考虑在内,乳腺癌筛查还是挽救了相当数量患者的生命。荷兰另一项有史以来时间跨度最长的国家乳腺癌筛查项目研究总结道:乳腺癌筛查带来的益处(挽救生命)远远大于其所致的伤害,如过度诊断与假阳性。

一份来自NCI(国立癌症机构)及CDDF(疾病预防控制中心)的报告称,美国少数民族癌症筛检率较低。来自荷兰鹿特丹大学医学部的研究人员说,乳房X线摄影减少了乳腺癌患者一半的死亡风险。美国俄亥俄州克里夫兰市大学医院(UH)医学中心及西储大学医学院的科学家发现,乳房X射线检查对于40余岁的年轻妇女而言仍利大于弊。

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 楼主| 发表于 2012-7-2 23:01:01 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国江苏南京
Possible net harms of breast cancer screening: updated modelling of Forrest report.
BMJ 2011;343:d7627

Raftery J Chorozoglou M

Faculty of Medicine, Wessex Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK. j.p.raftery@soton.ac.uk

Abstract
To assess the claim in a Cochrane review that mammographic breast cancer screening could be doing more harm than good by updating the analysis in the Forrest report, which led to screening in the United Kingdom. Development of a life table model, which replicated Forrest's results before updating and extending them with data from relevant systematic reviews, trials, and other models based on purposive literature searches. Women aged 50 and over invited for breast cancer screening. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs), combining life years gained from screening with losses of quality of life from false positive diagnoses and surgery. Inclusion of the effects of harms reduced the updated estimate of net cumulative QALYs gained after 20 years from 3301 to 1536 or by more than half. The best estimates from the Cochrane review generated negative QALYs for the first seven years of screening, 70 QALYs after 10 years, and 834 QALYs after 20 years. Sensitivity analysis showed these results were robust to a range of assumptions, particularly up to 10 years. It also indicated the importance of the level and duration of harms from surgery. This analysis supports the claim that the introduction of breast cancer screening might have caused net harm for up to 10 years after the start of screening.
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